Expert Consensus: Main Risk Factors for Poor Prognosis in COVID-19 and the Implications for Targeted Measures against SARS-CoV-2.

The clinical evolution of patients infected with the Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) depends on the complex interplay between viral and host factors. The evolution to less aggressive but better-transmitted viral variants, and the presence of immune memory responses in a growing number of vaccinated and/or virus-exposed individuals, has caused the pandemic to slowly wane in virulence. However, there are still patients with risk factors or comorbidities that put them at risk of poor outcomes in the event of having the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among the different treatment options for patients with COVID-19, virus-targeted measures include antiviral drugs or monoclonal antibodies that may be provided in the early days of infection. The present expert consensus is based on a review of all the literature published between 1 July 2021 and 15 February 2022 that was carried out to establish the characteristics of patients, in terms of presence of risk factors or comorbidities, that may make them candidates for receiving any of the virus-targeted measures available in order to prevent a fatal outcome, such as severe disease or death. A total of 119 studies were included from the review of the literature and 159 were from the additional independent review carried out by the panelists a posteriori. Conditions found related to strong recommendation of the use of virus-targeted measures in the first days of COVID-19 were age above 80 years, or above 65 years with another risk factor; antineoplastic chemotherapy or active malignancy; HIV infection with CD4+ cell counts < 200/mm3; and treatment with anti-CD20 immunosuppressive drugs. There is also a strong recommendation against using the studied interventions in HIV-infected patients with a CD4+ nadir <200/mm3 or treatment with other immunosuppressants. Indications of therapies against SARS-CoV-2, regardless of vaccination status or history of infection, may still exist for some populations, even after COVID-19 has been declared to no longer be a global health emergency by the WHO.

Useful independent factors for distinguish infection and colonization in patients with urinary carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolation / Factores independientes útiles para distinguir colonización e infección en pacientes con aislamiento urinario de enterobacterias portadoras de carbapenamasas

Objective. The aim of this study is to know epidemiologic and clinical differences among those patients colonized or infected by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) and develop a predictive model to facilitate the clinical approach concerning to start antimicrobial therapy. Methods. Observational retrospective cohort study was performed involving all patients with Urine carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolation (UCPEI) between November 2013 and July 2015. Patients were classifieds as colonized or infected considering Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition for urinary tract infection (UTI). Results. A total of 72 patients were included, mean age 76.4 (IQR 23-99) years and 40 (55.6%) were women. Thirty-four (47.2%) were colonized and 38 (52.8%) met the criteria of UTI and were considered infected. The independent variables associated to infection were female sex, peripheral vascular disease, admission in medical ward, permanent urinary catheter carrier, previous antimicrobial therapy, and length of stay. Isolation of OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae behaved as a non UTI (colonization) factor in comparison with KPC or VIM CPE. The developed predictive model showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.901 (95% CI: 0.832-0.970; p < 0.001). Conclusion. The predictive model that includes all this factors has demonstrated a good accuracy for infection diagnosis in these patients, an important issue considering that establishing the diagnosis of infection is not always easy in the profile of patients in which a CPE is isolated (AU)

Objetivo. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer las diferencias epidemiológicas y clínicas entre los pacientes colonizados e infectados por Enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasa y desarrollar un modelo predictivo para facilitar el abordaje clínico para iniciar la terapia antimicrobiana. Métodos. Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo observacional que incluyó a todos los pacientes con aislamiento de Enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasa de la orina entre noviembre de 2013 y julio de 2015. Los pacientes fueron clasificados como colonizados o infectados considerando la definición de CDC para la infección del tracto urinario (UTI). Resultados. Se incluyeron un total de 72 pacientes, con edad media de 76,4 años (IQR 23-99) y 40 (55,6%) mujeres. Treinta y cuatro (47,2%) fueron colonizados y 38 (52,8%) cumplieron con los criterios de UTI y se consideraron infectados. Las variables independientes asociadas a la infección fueron el sexo femenino, la enfermedad vascular periférica, el ingreso en una planta de medicina, el ser portador de catéter urinario permanente, haber recibido terapia antimicrobiana previa y una estancia media prolongada. El aislamiento de Enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasa tipo OXA-48 se comportó como un factor de colonización en comparación con el aislamiento de KPC o VIM. El modelo predictivo desarrollado mostró un área bajo la curva (AUC) de 0,901 (IC del 95%: 0,832-0,970, p <0,001). Conclusión. El modelo predictivo que incluye todos estos factores ha demostrado una buena precisión para el diagnóstico de infección en estos pacientes, una cuestión importante teniendo en cuenta que establecer el diagnóstico de infección Eurono siempre es fácil en el perfil clínico de los pacientes con aislamiento de una enterobacteria portadora de carbapenemasa (AU)